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Wednesday, July 30, 2014
Wednesday, July 23, 2014
Post - Famine Timeline
1850-75 The 'devotional revolution' according to American historian Emmett Larkin, a term coined to describe what he refers to as a dramatic transformation in popular religious practices in Ireland. Involved the substitution of kin group centred, lay controlled, semi-pagan devotional practices like patterns and wakes for clerically vetted church-based alternatives.
1850 Irish Tenant League founded.
1850 Irish Franchise Act. Borough franchise reduced to £8, county franchise to £12 and was now linked to occupation rather than ownership or leasehold. Irish electorate now increased from 45,000 to 164,000.
1851 Great Exhibition in London.
1851 Ecclesiastical Titles Act introduced by Liberal government of Lord John Russell in response to the re-creation in 1850 of an English Catholic hierarchy. To protestants this was an unacceptably aggressive territorial poaching and the Act was designed to prohibit Irish clergy from receiving titles from abroad. The Irish Independent Party was set up in response to the Act.
1854 Christ Church Protestant Association set up by COI sectarian Belfast clergyman Rev. Thomas Drew.
1855 Charles Gavan Duffy disillusioned with Irish politics emigrates to Australia.
1855 Young Irelander John Blake Dillon returns to Ireland following an amnesty. Would later denounce Fenianism.
1857 Serious sectarian riots in Belfast partly attributable to Thomas Drew's rabble-rousing anti-Catholic polemics.
1863-1864 Second Anglo-Ashanti War (1823-1831 First Anglo-Ashanti War)
1864 International Working Men's Association (the International) founded by Karl Marx in London. The first International declared its support for the Fenian movement and called for the release of prisoners.
1865 Lays of the Western Gael, by Samuel Ferguson
1865 Optimum year for a Fenian uprising; strong urban base, widespread army penetration, overseas British Irish community at maximum infiltration.
1865 John Blake Dillon elected MP for Tipperary; sought alliance with British radicals for land reform and disestablishment; denounced Fenianism.
1866-71 John Devoy in prison for Fenian activities.
1867
1867 Reform Act. (Second Reform Act). Before the Act only one million of the seven million adult males in England and Wales could vote. The Act immediately doubled that number. PM Palmerston who had long opposed franchise reform died in 1865. Reformers were also emboldened by the success of the Union in the American Civil War; the English aristocracy had largely supported the South. Lord Russell attempted a bill in 1866 but the Liberals split through the incitement of Disraeli. Adullamites (Conservative Liberals) were opposed along with the Tories whereas Liberals were supported by radicals and reformers (Walter Bagehot, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Carlyle, Anthony Trollope). Conservative ministry formed under Lord Derby while the Reform League advocating universal suffrage held huge demonstrations (100,000 strong) in Manchester, Glasgow. Finally, in May 1867 a Hyde Park demonstration forced the hand of government; Spencer Walpole resigns as Home Secretary. Gladstone attacks the Tory bill and forces amendments. Disraeli predicts that the newly enfranchised electorate being grateful would re-elect the Tories but they lost the 1868 General Election. !872 Ballot Act. Greatly reduces the cost of campaigning; introduces secret ballot for the first time, one of the six points of the Chartists. 1884 Reform Act. (Third Reform Act). All men holding land or paying a rental worth £10 were now entitled to vote. In England and Wales 2 in 3 had the vote, in Scotland 3 in 5, in Ireland only 1 in 2. All women and 40% of adult males were still without the vote. 1918 Reform Act (Fourth Reform Act). Abolished all disqualifications for men over 21 and gave the vote to all women over 30 with minimal property qualification. The size of the electorate now tripled with women representing 43% of the electorate.
1868 Speeches from the Dock, by A.M. Sullivan
1868 Fenian Heroes and Martyrs, by John Savage
1868 Reform Act, affecting only the boroughs reduced the franchise to £4, and admitted lodgers in premises valued at £10 or over. By 1871 16% of the adult male population had the vote compared to 34% in England.
1869 26th July. Gladstone's Irish Church Act becomes law. Disendowment of the Church of Ireland prompted by Fenian uprising. Part of Gladstone's programme for 'pacifying Ireland'.
1870 Michael Davitt sentenced to 15 years penal servitude for gun-running.
1871 Journalist and IRB member J.P. MacDonnell elected to the council of the Marxist IWMA becoming secretary for Ireland but an attempt to establish branches in Irish cities (1871-72) is met with limited success.
1872 The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, by James Anthony Froude
1872 Congal, by Samuel Ferguson
1873 North of Ireland Women's Suffrage Association established.
1873-1874 Third Anglo-Ashanti War. In 1871 Britain purchased the Dutch Gold Coast from Holland including Elmina which was claimed by the Ashanti. Under Garnet Wolseley British won Battle of Amoaful (31st Jan) and Battle of Ordashu (4th Feb). The capital Kumasi briefly abandoned by the Ashanti and burned by the British. Correspondents were impressed by the palace and the 'rows of books in many languages'. 50,000 ounces of gold demanded from the Ashanti king in the subsequent treaty.
1876 Irish Women's Suffrage and Local Government Association (IWSLGA) founded by Anna and Thomas Haslam
1878-90. History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, W.E.H. Lecky
1879 - 1882 Urabi Revolt; a nationalist uprising which sought to depose the British and French backed Khedive, Tewfik Pasha. Egyptian peasantry, the fellahin were heavily taxed and middle class Egyptians were pushed out of top jobs by Europeans who had separate legal system established to try themselves.
1882 Urabi and his household by Lady Gregory supports the reformers. Originally published as letter to the Times.
British intervention in the invasion of 1882 to protect the Suez, prevent 'anarchy' and to look after the interests of British investors. See Juan Cole, Colonialism and Revolution in Egypt: the Social and Cultural Origins of the Urabi Revolt. (1993). Under Nasser the revolt would be seen as a 'glorious struggle' against foreign occupation. Urabi was captured and exiled to the British colony of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Yaqub Sanu (1839-1912), Egyptian nationalist exiled to France continued to publish satirical journalism deploring foreign occupation.
1881 Feb. Davitt imprisoned in Portland Jail (till May 1882)
1881 March. Protection of Persons and Property Act. Introduces detention without trial.
1881 Aug. United Ireland weekly launched as organ of the Land League.
1881 Oct. 21st. Issuance of 'No Rent |Manifesto' causes authorities to ban the Land League.
1881 Nov. Invincibles carry out Phoenix Park assassinations. Five hung on the evidence of ringleader James Carey who is himself shot while boarding boat for Cape Town.
1882 May. Parnell released and bans what remains of the Land league as well as the Ladies Land League.
1882 Arrears Act takes the steam out of the anti-Landlord Campaign. Brings about the end of the first phase of the Land War. Politicised agrarian strife would occur intermittently down to 1923.
1883 Indian grievances attracted some attention from the nationalist HR party - in this year F. H. O' Donnell proposed that Indian National Congress member Dadabhai Naoroji be found an Irish Parliamentary seat.
1884 GAA founded by Michael Cusack attracted from the start intense IRB interest.
1884 Representation of the People Act. Created a uniform franchise of £10 or more for the whole of the UK
1884 Davitt has open breach with Parnell over land nationalisation scheme which is predicted on an alliance between the land movement and British working class interests.
1885 Redistribution of Seats Act. Electorate rose from 226,000 to 738,000.
1885 Death of Gordon
In 1820 Muhammed Ali Pasha nominal vassal of Ottoman Turks conquered northern Sudan with the south annexed under his grandson Ismail Pasha. In 1869 the opening of the Suez canal attracted attention of the Great Powers and when Ismail Pasha ran up large debts in the 70's mainly on account of the fall in the price of cotton after the American Civil war he was displaced from the throne in 1879 by his son Tewfik Pasha at the instigation of Britain and France much to the consternation of Egyptian nationalists. Muhammed ibn Abdalla, the Mahdi or 'Guided One' took advantage of the Anglo-Egyptian war and with some support from Egyptian nationalists attempted to impose an Islamic government leading to the death of General Gordon at Khartoum in 1885. Succeeded by his son, Abdallahi ibn Muhammed. From 1885-1898 the population of Sudan collapsed from 8 million to 3 million due to famine, disease, war and persecution. After the battles of Abdara and Omdurman led by Kitchener the British forced Abbas II (Tewfik's son and successor) to accept complete British control in the Sudan. Officially Britain's role was only an advisory one in Egypt but behind the scenes they pulled all the strings.
1885 Leaves from a Prison Diary, by Michael Davitt.
1885 Dec 17th Hawarden Kite. The indiscreet statement in the London press by Herbert Gladstone that his father was about to declare for Home Rule.
1887 Archbishop Croke's 'No Tax Manifesto' wins him support among nationalists but earns the rebuke of both the government and Rome.
1890's Beginnings of the Co-op movement; pooling of small capitals to maximise processing (mainly creameries), output (through bulk purchasing of farm inputs) and the extension of credit facilities (credit societies).
1891 Congested Districts Board set up by Arthur Balfour to encourage agriculture and industry in the 'impoverished' West. Initially set up to cater for the entire west coast between Donegal and Cork it eventually extended inland to embrace a third of the island. From 1909 it had a budget of £250,000 and later clashed with the newly established DATI.
1892 Davitt elected anti-Parnellite MP for Meath.
1892 The Necessity for De-anglicising the Irish People, by Douglas Hyde, delivered as his inaugural lecture as president of the National Literary Society.
1893 Celtic Literary Society co-founded by Arthur Griffith.
1893 The Love Songs of Connaught, by Douglas Hyde
1893 Formation of the Gaelic League by Douglas Hyde, Eoin MacNeill and others.
1893 As a member of Lord Ranfurly's Ulster Loyalist Union Fred Crawford imports small quantity of arms from England and creates a 'Young Ulster' society organising drilling and arms manufacture.
1894 Irish Agricultural Organisation Society (IAOS) set up by unionist Horace Plunkett mainly to counter the threat from British export markets.
1894 March. Gladstone resigns as PM. Conservative historians tend to portray his reforms in Ireland as self-interested, liberals as guided by insight and moral purpose.
1895 Davitt elected MP for West Mayo (till 1899)
1895-1896 Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War. Ashanti wished to keep German and British forces out of their territory (and its gold). War started on pretext of non-failure to honour the exploitative terms of the earlier treaty. Leadership exiled to the Seychelles.
1895-1905 Period of 'constructive unionism' or 'killing Home Rule with kindness' under successive Tory governments focusing on land purchase, local government reforms and Catholic university education. Intent was to deprive Irish nationality of further impetus and to create fissures in the IPP. Certainly prefigured by Gladstone's prior attempts at constructive engagement.
1896 Former militant agrarian John Dillon becomes main leader of the anti-Parnellite faction.
1896 Gerald Balfour's Land Act.
1896 James Connolly invited to Dublin to set up the Irish Socialist Republican Party where he established the Worker's Republic, the party organ.
1897 An tOireachtais, a first national festival is organised by the Gaelic League, modelled on the Welsh Eisteddfod.
1898 Rossa's Recollections, 1838-1898, by Jeremiah O' Donovan Rossa
1898 Local Government Act. Grand juries (dominated by the landlord class) relieved of their administrative duties but retained their role in criminal proceedings.
1898 United Irish League established.
1899 Literary History of Ireland, by Douglas Hyde
1899 Public awareness of the work of the Gaelic League is heightened when John Pentland Mahaffey, provost of Trinity College, attempts to have Irish removed from the intermediate school syllabus.
1900 Fifth Anglo-Ashanti War (War of the Golden Stool) led by Queen Yaa Asantewaa.
1900 Inghinidhe na hÉireann ('Daughters of Ireland') founded by Maud Gonne. Provided Irish classes, put on plays, encouraged Irish manufacturing, opposed Irish recruitment to British army. Many later nationalists started off in Inghinidhe; Markiewizc, Helena Moloney, Louise Gavan Duffy, actresses Sara Allgood, Marie O' Neill, cartoonist Grace Gifford and journalist Sydney Gifford.
1901 Casadh an tSúgáin ('Twisting of the Rope'), by Douglas Hyde. First Irish language play produced in a theatre.
1902 Ashanteland made a protectorate of the British Crown.
1902 Dun Emer Press established by Elizabeth "Lolly" Yeats as part of Dun Emer Industries which produced elegant hand-made titles selected by her brother WBY. A significant product of the literary revival.
1903 June. Independent Orange Order established. Spearheaded by T.H. Sloan it grew out of disillusionment with the perceived collusion between Ulster Unionism and the 'romanizing' policies of the Edwardian conservative government. Revitalization of mainstream Unionism with the threat of HR tended to derail its progress.
1903 Disillusioned with political progress Connolly emigrates to America with his growing family.
1904 The Resurrection of Hungary: A Parallel for Ireland, by Arthur Griffith
1904 Sept. Irish Reform Association publishes proposals for a modest form of devolved government triggering the so-called 'devolution crisis'. Inspired by the appointment of Anthony MacDonnell (actually the author of the scheme) to Dublin Castle in 1902 and the success of the 1903 Land Act it is led by progressive landlords under Lord Dunraven. Wyndham forced to resign.
1904 The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland, by Michael Davitt
1905 Dungannon Clubs founded by IRB members Bulmer Hobson and Denis MacCullough whose main activity was to discourage Irishmen from enlisting in the British army. Merged with Cumann na nGaedhael two years later to become the Sinn Féin League.
1905 Douglas Hyde embarks on a highly successful fund-raising tour of America for the Gaelic League.
1905 Ulster Unionist Council set up in response to the devolution crisis.
1905 Nov. 28th Sinn Fein set up by Arthur Griffith
1905 First Sinn Fein Convention in Dublin. W.T. Cosgrave among the delegates.
1906 The Religious Songs of Connaught, by Douglas Hyde
1908 The Making of Ireland and its Undoing, by Alice Stopford Green
1908 when in the summer Erskine Childers and his cousin Robert Barton took a holiday motor tour inspecting agricultural co-operatives in the south and west of Ireland. "I have come back," he wrote to Basil Williams, "finally and immutably a convert to Home Rule...though we both grew up steeped in the most irreconcilable sort of Unionism" (Boyle, Riddle of Erskine Childers 1979:144)
1908 Bean na hÉireann, newspaper of Inghinidhe first appears (till 1911). Advocates school meals for children against wishes of the Church.
1908 Irish Women's Franchise League set up. Strongly resisted absorption by the British Women's Social and Political Union.
1909 Hyde appointed professor of Irish at UCD (till 1932).
1909 Larkin founds the Irish Transport and General Worker's Union. The combination of socialism, republicanism and trade unionism became known as 'Larkinism'.
1910 Secret subcommittee of the Ulster Unionist Council headed by Crawford is set up to consider the logistics of mass arms importation.
1910 Connolly invited back to Ireland to run the newly established Socialist Party of Ireland (SPI). Appointed Belfast organiser of the ITGWU successfully won a pay rise for striking dockers, seamen and firemen.
1910 Feb. Craig nominates Carson to the leadership of the Irish Unionist parliamentary party.
1910 Labour in Irish History, by James Connolly
1911 Census returns indicate literacy level of 88% for over 5's. In 1841 the similar figure was only 47%.
1911 Irish Nationality, by Alice Stopford Green
1911 After women's unsuccessful linen strike, Connolly sets up the Irish Textile Worker's Union.
1911 Connolly convenes a Socialist Unity conference in Dublin from which emerged the Independent Labour Party of Ireland (ILPI). This was an attempt to undercut the influence of the labour-unionism of William Walker's Belfast based Independent Labour Party.
1912 Irish Labour Party founded by Connolly, James Larkin and William X. O' Brien as the political wing of the Irish Trade Union Congress.
1913 August. Dublin lockout commences. Group of employers headed by William Martin Murphy alarmed at the rise of industrial militancy issue ultimatum to employees to either quit the ITGWU or face dismissal.
1913 Aug 31st DMP baton charge strikers in Sackville Street killing two workers.
1913 Unionists organise a hostile reception for Connolly at the Great Northern Railway station on his release from jail for his role in opposing the lockout.
1914 March. Curragh Mutiny. 60 cavalry officers threaten to resign their commissions if forced to coerce Ulster unionists into accepting home rule.
1914 Larkin, worn out and depressed by his failure to enact change heads for the U.S. leaving Connolly in charge of the ITGWU.
1914 April 24-25th Larne gun-running organised by Fred Crawford for the Ulster Unionist Council. 25,000 rifles, 3 million rounds of ammunition.
1914 May. Darrell Figgis and Erskine Childers travel to Germany to purchase 1,500 rifles and ammunition for the Irish Volunteers.
1914 July Howth landing of arms. Publicity stunt designed to rival the earlier Larne gun-running of the UVF.
1914-1918 Defence of the Realm Acts. First World War emergency legislation empowering government to make regulation for public safety, breaches of which could be tried by courts martial. Leaders of the rising were executed under the provisions of DORA and its terms were frequently mobilised under the special conditions of the war of independence especially for the creation of Special Military Areas within which searches and courts martial could take place.
1914 Cumann na Mban, the women's auxiliary corps to the Irish Volunteers set up with a subordinate executive leading Francis Sheehy Skeffington to denounce it for 'crawling servility'. Its radical nature was demonstrated however during the Volunteer split when the majority sided with the 'republicans'. Heavily involved in commemorative events, fundraising, canvassing for 1918 elections, campaigning for prisoners and anti-conscription rallies. During the Anglo-Irish War it printed the Irish Bulletin. Most of its members opposed the Treaty (Cumann na Saoirse) and 400 or so were imprisoned during the Civil War.
1915 The Re-Conquest of Ireland, by James Connolly
1916. Jan. Connolly as commandant of the ICA reaches agreement with the military council of the IRB for a joint insurrection.
1916 July 1st. Battle of the Somme begins. Ulster Division has 5,000 casualties in the first two days; a 'blood sacrifice' that came to represent for unionists their unshakeable loyalty to the throne.
1917
20 Jan. Count Plunkett formally expelled from the Royal Dublin Society. Joseph having being executed his other sons George and John were doing penal servitude. Vacancy in North Roscommon and the Count declared his intention to run but not necessarily on a Sinn Fein abstention ticket.
Feb. Plunkett wins election by 3,000 votes to 1,200. Defeated IPP man T.P. O' Connor correctly called it "Ireland's answer to the executions"
19 Feb. Collins becomes secretary to the National Aid Fund/Association funded by public subscription and Clan na Gael money from America under the direction of Kathleen Clarke. Salary £2 10 sh. a week.Collins also starts making trips to London (Sam Maguire), Liverpool (Neil Kerr -Frongoch), and Manchester (Patrick O' Donoghue) to set up arms supply networks.
19 April Mansion House meeting convened by Count Plunkett proposing a new organisation be set up scrapping all previous outfits. This was shouted down and a split only avoided when it was agreed that pre-existing radical groupings should maintain their identity (SF, Labour, Volunteers) and work together as a loose coalition.
Apr. Short-lived Liberty League set up by Count Plunkett in a failed attempt to supersede Sinn Féin.
9 May. Longford by-election. Lewes prisoner Joseph McGuinness put forward at the behest of Collins. De Valera recommends not contesting the election on the grounds of doctrinaire separatism as well as fears of the movement losing face if McGuinness weren't elected. During the campaign Collins stays in the Greville Arms ran by the four Kiernan sisters. Patrick McKenna, the IPP candidate was defeated but only narrowly. Alasdair McCaba, later chief of the Irish Educational Building Society said he stuck a .45 into the face of the returning officer and asked him 'to think again'. "Put him in to get him out" had the been the campaign slogan and now Lloyd George was faced with a common criminal being elected in lieu of the 'responsible' IPP candidate.
10 June Protest meeting in Beresford Place on behalf of Lewes prisoners proscribed but convened anyway. First casualty among Crown forces since the Rising when a police inspector is killed with a blow by a hurley. Cathal Brugha and Count Plunkett arrested.
15 June Bonar Law announces the unconditional release of all Irish prisoners still held in English jails in order to create a conciliatory atmosphere prior to the proposed National Convention.
10 July De Valera wins East Clare by-election from IPP. Insists that Eoin MacNeill share a platform to placate the moderates.
25 July National Convention set up by Lloyd George supposedly representative of all shades of Irish opinion.
Aug Thomas Ashe (12months), Austin Stack (18months), and Fionan Lynch (2yrs) arrested under the Defence of the Realm Act. Along with 40 other DORA victims at Mountjoy the trio mutually agreed to go on hunger strike.
20 Sept. DORA hunger strike begins in Mountjoy. Austin Stack elected leader.
25 Sept Thomas Ashe dies from force feeding. Some 30,000 visited the body as it lay in state at the Mater. Dick McKee's Dublin Brigade marshalling the crowd through the city. Three volleys fired at the graveside as Collins in Volunteer uniform; " Nothing additional remains to be said. That volley which we have just heard is the only speech which it is proper to make above the grave of a dead Fenian." Thousands of copies of "The Last Poem of Thomas Ashe" are circulated. Written in Lewes prison, "Let me carry your cross for Ireland, Lord! For Ireland weak with tears, For the aged man of the clouded brow, And the child of tender years. For the empty homes of her golden plains, For the hopes of her future too, Let me carry your cross for Ireland Lord, For the cause of Roisin Dhu".
18 Oct De Valera and Griffith meet in a Grafton café a week before the Sinn Fein Ard Fheis, the former urging the latter to step down as president to make way for himself as he had the support of both the Volunteers and the IRB.
25 Oct Mansion House SF AF; Dev elected President; Griffith VP - SF aims at establishing international recognition for Ireland as an independent Republic. SF would contest the next general election and that any Sinn Feiners elected would form themselves into a new national assembly. New Executive of SF elected with IRB backed members polling badly and Collins himself only getting in on the last count.
27 Oct Secret convention of Volunteers held at the GAA ground of Jones Park, Drumcondra. IRB dominated these proceedings securing Dev's election as President, Collin's as Director of Organisation, and two IRB Supreme Council men Diarmaid Lynch and Sean McGarry in key posts of Director of Communication and General Secretary respectively. Dublin Executive of the Volunteers also taken over by the IRB except the post of Chief of Staff, won by Cathal Brugha, who, along with Dev began at this point to loathe the IRB.
1 Nov Inquest into death of Thomas Ashe releases its verdict after 3 weeks of deliberation. Censored the Castle, the prison authority and spoke of 'inhuman punishment'. Mountjoy prisoners first awarded special category status, then transferred to Dundalk.
17 Nov After another hunger strike Dundalk prisoners released.
1918 General Election, Conservatives win 339 seats to Liberals 136. Lloyd George promised not to implement any policy which forcibly imposes a Home Rule parliament against the Ulster protestant minority.
1919 Jan 21st. Socialistic Democratic Programme is one of the four main documents agreed to by the first Dáil setting out its social and economic objectives. Mainly drafted by William O' Brien and Thomas Johnson of the Labour Party and amended by Séan T. O' Kelly of SF. This was largely on account of the Labour Party's decision to step aside during the 1918 general election but also to assist the Irish claim to independence at the upcoming international socialist conference in Berne.
1919 Dáil courts set up primarily to meet escalation of land agitation in the west.
1919 League of Nations established under the Treaty of Versailles.
1919 April. De Valera elected president of the first Dail.
1920 Feb. 24th. Cabinet votes that the area of Northern Ireland shall consist of 'Antrim, Down, Fermanagh, Armagh, Londonderry and Tyrone'.
1920 Council of Ireland established under the GOI Act consisting of a deliberative body drawn from 20 members of the Northern parliament and 20 from the Dáil with a president nominated by the lord-lieutenant with a deciding vote. It would consider administrative matters of mutual concern such as services, border issues etc. but never got off the ground mainly due to Unionist opposition. Revived for a brief period after the Sunningdale Agreement in 1973.
1920 August. Restoration of Order Act largely supersedes DORA
1920 Dec 23rd Government of Ireland Bill passes its third reading.
1921 May 21st. Separate parliament of Northern Ireland as created under the GOI Act meets for the first time.
1921 Dec. De Valera presents first version of Document No. 2 to the Dáil.
1922 Jan 21st. First of the Craig-Collins pacts designed to ameliorate Northern violence. Meeting in London they agreed to the lifting of the Belfast boycott, the return of Catholics violently expelled from their workplace and to future negotiations on the boundary issue.
1922 March 29-30th. Second Craig-Collins pact was actually a meeting between the Northern, British and Irish Provisional governments which reiterated the agreements of the first and included detailed provisions for a mixed Catholic-Protestant police force for the North. Levels of republican and loyalist violence remained relatively unchanged however.
1922 June 28th. Civil war begins when Irregulars are attacked by Free State forces at their Four Courts HQ.
1922 Dec. Constitution of the Irish Free State ratified by the Dáil. Oireachtais (legislature) consisted of the king (represented by the Governor-General), the Dail and the Senate.
1923 Returning from the States Larkin finds the ITGWU has mushroomed from 5,000 members to 100,000 largely due to the work of William O' Brien (Connolly's successor) who has no intention of ceding control. Suspended as General Secretary Larkin sets up the United Workers |League and in the face of public opinion comes out openly in support of the Soviet Union.
1923 April 8th. Cumann na nGaedhael launched by William T. Cosgrave.
1924 The Hidden Ireland, by Daniel Corkery. Gained a reputation as the voice of De Valeran orthodoxy defining Irishness as rural, Catholic and nationalist.
1925 A History of the Irish State to 1014, by Alice Stopford Green
1850 Irish Tenant League founded.
1850 Irish Franchise Act. Borough franchise reduced to £8, county franchise to £12 and was now linked to occupation rather than ownership or leasehold. Irish electorate now increased from 45,000 to 164,000.
1851 Great Exhibition in London.
1851 Ecclesiastical Titles Act introduced by Liberal government of Lord John Russell in response to the re-creation in 1850 of an English Catholic hierarchy. To protestants this was an unacceptably aggressive territorial poaching and the Act was designed to prohibit Irish clergy from receiving titles from abroad. The Irish Independent Party was set up in response to the Act.
1854 Christ Church Protestant Association set up by COI sectarian Belfast clergyman Rev. Thomas Drew.
1855 Charles Gavan Duffy disillusioned with Irish politics emigrates to Australia.
1855 Young Irelander John Blake Dillon returns to Ireland following an amnesty. Would later denounce Fenianism.
1857 Serious sectarian riots in Belfast partly attributable to Thomas Drew's rabble-rousing anti-Catholic polemics.
1863-1864 Second Anglo-Ashanti War (1823-1831 First Anglo-Ashanti War)
1864 International Working Men's Association (the International) founded by Karl Marx in London. The first International declared its support for the Fenian movement and called for the release of prisoners.
1865 Lays of the Western Gael, by Samuel Ferguson
1865 Optimum year for a Fenian uprising; strong urban base, widespread army penetration, overseas British Irish community at maximum infiltration.
1865 John Blake Dillon elected MP for Tipperary; sought alliance with British radicals for land reform and disestablishment; denounced Fenianism.
1866-71 John Devoy in prison for Fenian activities.
1867
1867 Reform Act. (Second Reform Act). Before the Act only one million of the seven million adult males in England and Wales could vote. The Act immediately doubled that number. PM Palmerston who had long opposed franchise reform died in 1865. Reformers were also emboldened by the success of the Union in the American Civil War; the English aristocracy had largely supported the South. Lord Russell attempted a bill in 1866 but the Liberals split through the incitement of Disraeli. Adullamites (Conservative Liberals) were opposed along with the Tories whereas Liberals were supported by radicals and reformers (Walter Bagehot, John Stuart Mill, Thomas Carlyle, Anthony Trollope). Conservative ministry formed under Lord Derby while the Reform League advocating universal suffrage held huge demonstrations (100,000 strong) in Manchester, Glasgow. Finally, in May 1867 a Hyde Park demonstration forced the hand of government; Spencer Walpole resigns as Home Secretary. Gladstone attacks the Tory bill and forces amendments. Disraeli predicts that the newly enfranchised electorate being grateful would re-elect the Tories but they lost the 1868 General Election. !872 Ballot Act. Greatly reduces the cost of campaigning; introduces secret ballot for the first time, one of the six points of the Chartists. 1884 Reform Act. (Third Reform Act). All men holding land or paying a rental worth £10 were now entitled to vote. In England and Wales 2 in 3 had the vote, in Scotland 3 in 5, in Ireland only 1 in 2. All women and 40% of adult males were still without the vote. 1918 Reform Act (Fourth Reform Act). Abolished all disqualifications for men over 21 and gave the vote to all women over 30 with minimal property qualification. The size of the electorate now tripled with women representing 43% of the electorate.
1868 Speeches from the Dock, by A.M. Sullivan
1868 Fenian Heroes and Martyrs, by John Savage
1868 Reform Act, affecting only the boroughs reduced the franchise to £4, and admitted lodgers in premises valued at £10 or over. By 1871 16% of the adult male population had the vote compared to 34% in England.
1869 26th July. Gladstone's Irish Church Act becomes law. Disendowment of the Church of Ireland prompted by Fenian uprising. Part of Gladstone's programme for 'pacifying Ireland'.
1870 Michael Davitt sentenced to 15 years penal servitude for gun-running.
1871 Journalist and IRB member J.P. MacDonnell elected to the council of the Marxist IWMA becoming secretary for Ireland but an attempt to establish branches in Irish cities (1871-72) is met with limited success.
1872 The English in Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, by James Anthony Froude
1872 Congal, by Samuel Ferguson
1873 North of Ireland Women's Suffrage Association established.
1873-1874 Third Anglo-Ashanti War. In 1871 Britain purchased the Dutch Gold Coast from Holland including Elmina which was claimed by the Ashanti. Under Garnet Wolseley British won Battle of Amoaful (31st Jan) and Battle of Ordashu (4th Feb). The capital Kumasi briefly abandoned by the Ashanti and burned by the British. Correspondents were impressed by the palace and the 'rows of books in many languages'. 50,000 ounces of gold demanded from the Ashanti king in the subsequent treaty.
1876 Irish Women's Suffrage and Local Government Association (IWSLGA) founded by Anna and Thomas Haslam
1878-90. History of Ireland in the Eighteenth Century, W.E.H. Lecky
1879 - 1882 Urabi Revolt; a nationalist uprising which sought to depose the British and French backed Khedive, Tewfik Pasha. Egyptian peasantry, the fellahin were heavily taxed and middle class Egyptians were pushed out of top jobs by Europeans who had separate legal system established to try themselves.
1882 Urabi and his household by Lady Gregory supports the reformers. Originally published as letter to the Times.
British intervention in the invasion of 1882 to protect the Suez, prevent 'anarchy' and to look after the interests of British investors. See Juan Cole, Colonialism and Revolution in Egypt: the Social and Cultural Origins of the Urabi Revolt. (1993). Under Nasser the revolt would be seen as a 'glorious struggle' against foreign occupation. Urabi was captured and exiled to the British colony of Ceylon (now Sri Lanka). Yaqub Sanu (1839-1912), Egyptian nationalist exiled to France continued to publish satirical journalism deploring foreign occupation.
1881 Feb. Davitt imprisoned in Portland Jail (till May 1882)
1881 March. Protection of Persons and Property Act. Introduces detention without trial.
1881 Aug. United Ireland weekly launched as organ of the Land League.
1881 Oct. 21st. Issuance of 'No Rent |Manifesto' causes authorities to ban the Land League.
1881 Nov. Invincibles carry out Phoenix Park assassinations. Five hung on the evidence of ringleader James Carey who is himself shot while boarding boat for Cape Town.
1882 May. Parnell released and bans what remains of the Land league as well as the Ladies Land League.
1882 Arrears Act takes the steam out of the anti-Landlord Campaign. Brings about the end of the first phase of the Land War. Politicised agrarian strife would occur intermittently down to 1923.
1883 Indian grievances attracted some attention from the nationalist HR party - in this year F. H. O' Donnell proposed that Indian National Congress member Dadabhai Naoroji be found an Irish Parliamentary seat.
1884 GAA founded by Michael Cusack attracted from the start intense IRB interest.
1884 Representation of the People Act. Created a uniform franchise of £10 or more for the whole of the UK
1884 Davitt has open breach with Parnell over land nationalisation scheme which is predicted on an alliance between the land movement and British working class interests.
1885 Redistribution of Seats Act. Electorate rose from 226,000 to 738,000.
1885 Death of Gordon
In 1820 Muhammed Ali Pasha nominal vassal of Ottoman Turks conquered northern Sudan with the south annexed under his grandson Ismail Pasha. In 1869 the opening of the Suez canal attracted attention of the Great Powers and when Ismail Pasha ran up large debts in the 70's mainly on account of the fall in the price of cotton after the American Civil war he was displaced from the throne in 1879 by his son Tewfik Pasha at the instigation of Britain and France much to the consternation of Egyptian nationalists. Muhammed ibn Abdalla, the Mahdi or 'Guided One' took advantage of the Anglo-Egyptian war and with some support from Egyptian nationalists attempted to impose an Islamic government leading to the death of General Gordon at Khartoum in 1885. Succeeded by his son, Abdallahi ibn Muhammed. From 1885-1898 the population of Sudan collapsed from 8 million to 3 million due to famine, disease, war and persecution. After the battles of Abdara and Omdurman led by Kitchener the British forced Abbas II (Tewfik's son and successor) to accept complete British control in the Sudan. Officially Britain's role was only an advisory one in Egypt but behind the scenes they pulled all the strings.
1885 Leaves from a Prison Diary, by Michael Davitt.
1885 Dec 17th Hawarden Kite. The indiscreet statement in the London press by Herbert Gladstone that his father was about to declare for Home Rule.
1887 Archbishop Croke's 'No Tax Manifesto' wins him support among nationalists but earns the rebuke of both the government and Rome.
1890's Beginnings of the Co-op movement; pooling of small capitals to maximise processing (mainly creameries), output (through bulk purchasing of farm inputs) and the extension of credit facilities (credit societies).
1891 Congested Districts Board set up by Arthur Balfour to encourage agriculture and industry in the 'impoverished' West. Initially set up to cater for the entire west coast between Donegal and Cork it eventually extended inland to embrace a third of the island. From 1909 it had a budget of £250,000 and later clashed with the newly established DATI.
1892 Davitt elected anti-Parnellite MP for Meath.
1892 The Necessity for De-anglicising the Irish People, by Douglas Hyde, delivered as his inaugural lecture as president of the National Literary Society.
1893 Celtic Literary Society co-founded by Arthur Griffith.
1893 The Love Songs of Connaught, by Douglas Hyde
1893 Formation of the Gaelic League by Douglas Hyde, Eoin MacNeill and others.
1893 As a member of Lord Ranfurly's Ulster Loyalist Union Fred Crawford imports small quantity of arms from England and creates a 'Young Ulster' society organising drilling and arms manufacture.
1894 Irish Agricultural Organisation Society (IAOS) set up by unionist Horace Plunkett mainly to counter the threat from British export markets.
1894 March. Gladstone resigns as PM. Conservative historians tend to portray his reforms in Ireland as self-interested, liberals as guided by insight and moral purpose.
1895 Davitt elected MP for West Mayo (till 1899)
1895-1896 Fourth Anglo-Ashanti War. Ashanti wished to keep German and British forces out of their territory (and its gold). War started on pretext of non-failure to honour the exploitative terms of the earlier treaty. Leadership exiled to the Seychelles.
1895-1905 Period of 'constructive unionism' or 'killing Home Rule with kindness' under successive Tory governments focusing on land purchase, local government reforms and Catholic university education. Intent was to deprive Irish nationality of further impetus and to create fissures in the IPP. Certainly prefigured by Gladstone's prior attempts at constructive engagement.
1896 Former militant agrarian John Dillon becomes main leader of the anti-Parnellite faction.
1896 Gerald Balfour's Land Act.
1896 James Connolly invited to Dublin to set up the Irish Socialist Republican Party where he established the Worker's Republic, the party organ.
1897 An tOireachtais, a first national festival is organised by the Gaelic League, modelled on the Welsh Eisteddfod.
1898 Rossa's Recollections, 1838-1898, by Jeremiah O' Donovan Rossa
1898 Local Government Act. Grand juries (dominated by the landlord class) relieved of their administrative duties but retained their role in criminal proceedings.
1898 United Irish League established.
1899 Literary History of Ireland, by Douglas Hyde
1899 Public awareness of the work of the Gaelic League is heightened when John Pentland Mahaffey, provost of Trinity College, attempts to have Irish removed from the intermediate school syllabus.
1900 Fifth Anglo-Ashanti War (War of the Golden Stool) led by Queen Yaa Asantewaa.
1900 Inghinidhe na hÉireann ('Daughters of Ireland') founded by Maud Gonne. Provided Irish classes, put on plays, encouraged Irish manufacturing, opposed Irish recruitment to British army. Many later nationalists started off in Inghinidhe; Markiewizc, Helena Moloney, Louise Gavan Duffy, actresses Sara Allgood, Marie O' Neill, cartoonist Grace Gifford and journalist Sydney Gifford.
1901 Casadh an tSúgáin ('Twisting of the Rope'), by Douglas Hyde. First Irish language play produced in a theatre.
1902 Ashanteland made a protectorate of the British Crown.
1902 Dun Emer Press established by Elizabeth "Lolly" Yeats as part of Dun Emer Industries which produced elegant hand-made titles selected by her brother WBY. A significant product of the literary revival.
1903 June. Independent Orange Order established. Spearheaded by T.H. Sloan it grew out of disillusionment with the perceived collusion between Ulster Unionism and the 'romanizing' policies of the Edwardian conservative government. Revitalization of mainstream Unionism with the threat of HR tended to derail its progress.
1903 Disillusioned with political progress Connolly emigrates to America with his growing family.
1904 The Resurrection of Hungary: A Parallel for Ireland, by Arthur Griffith
1904 Sept. Irish Reform Association publishes proposals for a modest form of devolved government triggering the so-called 'devolution crisis'. Inspired by the appointment of Anthony MacDonnell (actually the author of the scheme) to Dublin Castle in 1902 and the success of the 1903 Land Act it is led by progressive landlords under Lord Dunraven. Wyndham forced to resign.
1904 The Fall of Feudalism in Ireland, by Michael Davitt
1905 Dungannon Clubs founded by IRB members Bulmer Hobson and Denis MacCullough whose main activity was to discourage Irishmen from enlisting in the British army. Merged with Cumann na nGaedhael two years later to become the Sinn Féin League.
1905 Douglas Hyde embarks on a highly successful fund-raising tour of America for the Gaelic League.
1905 Ulster Unionist Council set up in response to the devolution crisis.
1905 Nov. 28th Sinn Fein set up by Arthur Griffith
1905 First Sinn Fein Convention in Dublin. W.T. Cosgrave among the delegates.
1906 The Religious Songs of Connaught, by Douglas Hyde
1908 The Making of Ireland and its Undoing, by Alice Stopford Green
1908 when in the summer Erskine Childers and his cousin Robert Barton took a holiday motor tour inspecting agricultural co-operatives in the south and west of Ireland. "I have come back," he wrote to Basil Williams, "finally and immutably a convert to Home Rule...though we both grew up steeped in the most irreconcilable sort of Unionism" (Boyle, Riddle of Erskine Childers 1979:144)
1908 Bean na hÉireann, newspaper of Inghinidhe first appears (till 1911). Advocates school meals for children against wishes of the Church.
1908 Irish Women's Franchise League set up. Strongly resisted absorption by the British Women's Social and Political Union.
1909 Hyde appointed professor of Irish at UCD (till 1932).
1909 Larkin founds the Irish Transport and General Worker's Union. The combination of socialism, republicanism and trade unionism became known as 'Larkinism'.
1910 Secret subcommittee of the Ulster Unionist Council headed by Crawford is set up to consider the logistics of mass arms importation.
1910 Connolly invited back to Ireland to run the newly established Socialist Party of Ireland (SPI). Appointed Belfast organiser of the ITGWU successfully won a pay rise for striking dockers, seamen and firemen.
1910 Feb. Craig nominates Carson to the leadership of the Irish Unionist parliamentary party.
1910 Labour in Irish History, by James Connolly
1911 Census returns indicate literacy level of 88% for over 5's. In 1841 the similar figure was only 47%.
1911 Irish Nationality, by Alice Stopford Green
1911 After women's unsuccessful linen strike, Connolly sets up the Irish Textile Worker's Union.
1911 Connolly convenes a Socialist Unity conference in Dublin from which emerged the Independent Labour Party of Ireland (ILPI). This was an attempt to undercut the influence of the labour-unionism of William Walker's Belfast based Independent Labour Party.
1912 Irish Labour Party founded by Connolly, James Larkin and William X. O' Brien as the political wing of the Irish Trade Union Congress.
1913 August. Dublin lockout commences. Group of employers headed by William Martin Murphy alarmed at the rise of industrial militancy issue ultimatum to employees to either quit the ITGWU or face dismissal.
1913 Aug 31st DMP baton charge strikers in Sackville Street killing two workers.
1913 Unionists organise a hostile reception for Connolly at the Great Northern Railway station on his release from jail for his role in opposing the lockout.
1914 March. Curragh Mutiny. 60 cavalry officers threaten to resign their commissions if forced to coerce Ulster unionists into accepting home rule.
1914 Larkin, worn out and depressed by his failure to enact change heads for the U.S. leaving Connolly in charge of the ITGWU.
1914 April 24-25th Larne gun-running organised by Fred Crawford for the Ulster Unionist Council. 25,000 rifles, 3 million rounds of ammunition.
1914 May. Darrell Figgis and Erskine Childers travel to Germany to purchase 1,500 rifles and ammunition for the Irish Volunteers.
1914 July Howth landing of arms. Publicity stunt designed to rival the earlier Larne gun-running of the UVF.
1914-1918 Defence of the Realm Acts. First World War emergency legislation empowering government to make regulation for public safety, breaches of which could be tried by courts martial. Leaders of the rising were executed under the provisions of DORA and its terms were frequently mobilised under the special conditions of the war of independence especially for the creation of Special Military Areas within which searches and courts martial could take place.
1914 Cumann na Mban, the women's auxiliary corps to the Irish Volunteers set up with a subordinate executive leading Francis Sheehy Skeffington to denounce it for 'crawling servility'. Its radical nature was demonstrated however during the Volunteer split when the majority sided with the 'republicans'. Heavily involved in commemorative events, fundraising, canvassing for 1918 elections, campaigning for prisoners and anti-conscription rallies. During the Anglo-Irish War it printed the Irish Bulletin. Most of its members opposed the Treaty (Cumann na Saoirse) and 400 or so were imprisoned during the Civil War.
1915 The Re-Conquest of Ireland, by James Connolly
1916. Jan. Connolly as commandant of the ICA reaches agreement with the military council of the IRB for a joint insurrection.
1916 July 1st. Battle of the Somme begins. Ulster Division has 5,000 casualties in the first two days; a 'blood sacrifice' that came to represent for unionists their unshakeable loyalty to the throne.
1917
20 Jan. Count Plunkett formally expelled from the Royal Dublin Society. Joseph having being executed his other sons George and John were doing penal servitude. Vacancy in North Roscommon and the Count declared his intention to run but not necessarily on a Sinn Fein abstention ticket.
Feb. Plunkett wins election by 3,000 votes to 1,200. Defeated IPP man T.P. O' Connor correctly called it "Ireland's answer to the executions"
19 Feb. Collins becomes secretary to the National Aid Fund/Association funded by public subscription and Clan na Gael money from America under the direction of Kathleen Clarke. Salary £2 10 sh. a week.Collins also starts making trips to London (Sam Maguire), Liverpool (Neil Kerr -Frongoch), and Manchester (Patrick O' Donoghue) to set up arms supply networks.
19 April Mansion House meeting convened by Count Plunkett proposing a new organisation be set up scrapping all previous outfits. This was shouted down and a split only avoided when it was agreed that pre-existing radical groupings should maintain their identity (SF, Labour, Volunteers) and work together as a loose coalition.
Apr. Short-lived Liberty League set up by Count Plunkett in a failed attempt to supersede Sinn Féin.
9 May. Longford by-election. Lewes prisoner Joseph McGuinness put forward at the behest of Collins. De Valera recommends not contesting the election on the grounds of doctrinaire separatism as well as fears of the movement losing face if McGuinness weren't elected. During the campaign Collins stays in the Greville Arms ran by the four Kiernan sisters. Patrick McKenna, the IPP candidate was defeated but only narrowly. Alasdair McCaba, later chief of the Irish Educational Building Society said he stuck a .45 into the face of the returning officer and asked him 'to think again'. "Put him in to get him out" had the been the campaign slogan and now Lloyd George was faced with a common criminal being elected in lieu of the 'responsible' IPP candidate.
10 June Protest meeting in Beresford Place on behalf of Lewes prisoners proscribed but convened anyway. First casualty among Crown forces since the Rising when a police inspector is killed with a blow by a hurley. Cathal Brugha and Count Plunkett arrested.
15 June Bonar Law announces the unconditional release of all Irish prisoners still held in English jails in order to create a conciliatory atmosphere prior to the proposed National Convention.
10 July De Valera wins East Clare by-election from IPP. Insists that Eoin MacNeill share a platform to placate the moderates.
25 July National Convention set up by Lloyd George supposedly representative of all shades of Irish opinion.
Aug Thomas Ashe (12months), Austin Stack (18months), and Fionan Lynch (2yrs) arrested under the Defence of the Realm Act. Along with 40 other DORA victims at Mountjoy the trio mutually agreed to go on hunger strike.
20 Sept. DORA hunger strike begins in Mountjoy. Austin Stack elected leader.
25 Sept Thomas Ashe dies from force feeding. Some 30,000 visited the body as it lay in state at the Mater. Dick McKee's Dublin Brigade marshalling the crowd through the city. Three volleys fired at the graveside as Collins in Volunteer uniform; " Nothing additional remains to be said. That volley which we have just heard is the only speech which it is proper to make above the grave of a dead Fenian." Thousands of copies of "The Last Poem of Thomas Ashe" are circulated. Written in Lewes prison, "Let me carry your cross for Ireland, Lord! For Ireland weak with tears, For the aged man of the clouded brow, And the child of tender years. For the empty homes of her golden plains, For the hopes of her future too, Let me carry your cross for Ireland Lord, For the cause of Roisin Dhu".
18 Oct De Valera and Griffith meet in a Grafton café a week before the Sinn Fein Ard Fheis, the former urging the latter to step down as president to make way for himself as he had the support of both the Volunteers and the IRB.
25 Oct Mansion House SF AF; Dev elected President; Griffith VP - SF aims at establishing international recognition for Ireland as an independent Republic. SF would contest the next general election and that any Sinn Feiners elected would form themselves into a new national assembly. New Executive of SF elected with IRB backed members polling badly and Collins himself only getting in on the last count.
27 Oct Secret convention of Volunteers held at the GAA ground of Jones Park, Drumcondra. IRB dominated these proceedings securing Dev's election as President, Collin's as Director of Organisation, and two IRB Supreme Council men Diarmaid Lynch and Sean McGarry in key posts of Director of Communication and General Secretary respectively. Dublin Executive of the Volunteers also taken over by the IRB except the post of Chief of Staff, won by Cathal Brugha, who, along with Dev began at this point to loathe the IRB.
1 Nov Inquest into death of Thomas Ashe releases its verdict after 3 weeks of deliberation. Censored the Castle, the prison authority and spoke of 'inhuman punishment'. Mountjoy prisoners first awarded special category status, then transferred to Dundalk.
17 Nov After another hunger strike Dundalk prisoners released.
1918 General Election, Conservatives win 339 seats to Liberals 136. Lloyd George promised not to implement any policy which forcibly imposes a Home Rule parliament against the Ulster protestant minority.
1919 Jan 21st. Socialistic Democratic Programme is one of the four main documents agreed to by the first Dáil setting out its social and economic objectives. Mainly drafted by William O' Brien and Thomas Johnson of the Labour Party and amended by Séan T. O' Kelly of SF. This was largely on account of the Labour Party's decision to step aside during the 1918 general election but also to assist the Irish claim to independence at the upcoming international socialist conference in Berne.
1919 Dáil courts set up primarily to meet escalation of land agitation in the west.
1919 League of Nations established under the Treaty of Versailles.
1919 April. De Valera elected president of the first Dail.
1920 Feb. 24th. Cabinet votes that the area of Northern Ireland shall consist of 'Antrim, Down, Fermanagh, Armagh, Londonderry and Tyrone'.
1920 Council of Ireland established under the GOI Act consisting of a deliberative body drawn from 20 members of the Northern parliament and 20 from the Dáil with a president nominated by the lord-lieutenant with a deciding vote. It would consider administrative matters of mutual concern such as services, border issues etc. but never got off the ground mainly due to Unionist opposition. Revived for a brief period after the Sunningdale Agreement in 1973.
1920 August. Restoration of Order Act largely supersedes DORA
1920 Dec 23rd Government of Ireland Bill passes its third reading.
1921 May 21st. Separate parliament of Northern Ireland as created under the GOI Act meets for the first time.
1921 Dec. De Valera presents first version of Document No. 2 to the Dáil.
1922 Jan 21st. First of the Craig-Collins pacts designed to ameliorate Northern violence. Meeting in London they agreed to the lifting of the Belfast boycott, the return of Catholics violently expelled from their workplace and to future negotiations on the boundary issue.
1922 March 29-30th. Second Craig-Collins pact was actually a meeting between the Northern, British and Irish Provisional governments which reiterated the agreements of the first and included detailed provisions for a mixed Catholic-Protestant police force for the North. Levels of republican and loyalist violence remained relatively unchanged however.
1922 June 28th. Civil war begins when Irregulars are attacked by Free State forces at their Four Courts HQ.
1922 Dec. Constitution of the Irish Free State ratified by the Dáil. Oireachtais (legislature) consisted of the king (represented by the Governor-General), the Dail and the Senate.
1923 Returning from the States Larkin finds the ITGWU has mushroomed from 5,000 members to 100,000 largely due to the work of William O' Brien (Connolly's successor) who has no intention of ceding control. Suspended as General Secretary Larkin sets up the United Workers |League and in the face of public opinion comes out openly in support of the Soviet Union.
1923 April 8th. Cumann na nGaedhael launched by William T. Cosgrave.
1924 The Hidden Ireland, by Daniel Corkery. Gained a reputation as the voice of De Valeran orthodoxy defining Irishness as rural, Catholic and nationalist.
1925 A History of the Irish State to 1014, by Alice Stopford Green
Thursday, July 17, 2014
Ireland after the famine
The famine is the central defining event in modern Irish history. A social catastrophe of unprecedented proportions it obliterated a whole class of small rural landholders and peripatetic labourers who had for generations clung desperately to ever denuding portions of their native soil. Among this economic strata; those whom it did not destroy outright were disgorged to the four corners; taking ship with whatever means left to them principally to America, Britain and Australia. In the crude mathematics of economic necessity it resolved at a stroke the Gordian knot of the Malthusian 'catastrophe', drastically depopulating the countryside and allowing at last the shift to more 'rational' and 'modern' modes of agricultural management. Such at least was the prevailing narrative quickly constructed to situate what for many remained an unutterable horror into some vaguely identifiable locus of meaning. One causative framework was erected for the consumption of the respectable 'propertied' middle and upper classes, generally those who stood to benefit from the mass depopulation, another, closer to the bone, conveying all the horrendous immediacy of those dark days was retold and recycled orally among the survivors and their kin as they fled from their ancestral homes across the Atlantic. On the pivot of these two starkly contrasted interpretative experiences emerged the essential bifurcation of subsequent nationalist separatism; the one constitutional and pacifist which sought redress within the confines of Westminster; the other Fenian, republican and determinedly 'physical force' which repudiated the very legitimacy of the British 'liberal state'. The immediate impact of the famine therefore was to delegitimise the pre-existing constitutionalist O' Connellite Repeal movement not only in the eyes of the vast bulk of the dispossessed emigrés but also in the hearts of that huge swathe of small tenant holders who had suffered the most during 'the hunger'.
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